Composition for use as a fuel or fuel additive in a spark ignition engine, its manufacture and use

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a composition useful as a fuel or fuel additive are provided. Certain disclosed embodiments of the composition comprise petroleum distillate, at least one alcohol having a ratio of between about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms to 1 hydroxyl functional group, at least one oxygenate, optionally, at least one lubricating oil, optionally, at least one water tolerance adjustor and optionally at least one terpene, wherein the oxygenate has a flash point between about −10° C. and about −50° C., has at least one oxygenated functional group, and is soluble in the composition.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present applications claims priority to U.S. provisional applicationNo. 61/355,897 filed 17 Jun. 2010, and entitled COMPOSITION FOR USE AS AFUEL OR FUEL ADDITIVE IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE, ITS MANUFACTURE ANDUSE, incorporated in its entirety herein.

FIELD

Disclosed embodiments concern a fuel that can be used as a replacementfor conventional fossil-based fuels. It can also be used as an additiveto conventional fossil-based fuels, or alternative fuels.

BACKGROUND

Numerous formulations have been developed as alternative fuels toreplace the conventional fossil-based fuels. An example of such a fuelis disclosed in Canadian patent 1340871, in which alcohol is mixed withether and a lubricant such as mineral oil or a vegetable oil, such ascastor oil. Formulations have also been developed for use as alternativefuels that combine renewable carbon sources such as alcohols with fossilfuels. An example of such a fuel is disclosed in Canadian patent2513001, in which alcohol is mixed with naptha and an aliphatic ester.

In U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,323 a fuel composition that comprises farnesaneand/or farnesane derivatives and a conventional fuel component selectedfrom diesel fuel, jet fuel, kerosene or gasoline is disclosed. Thefarnesane or farnesane derivative can be used as a fuel component or asa fuel additive in the fuel composition. U.S. Pat. No. 5,575,822discloses a number of fuel and fuel additives. The fuels range from twocomponent formulations, such as 10 to about 42% terpene, preferablylimonene, and from about 1 to about 90% naphtha compound to more complexformulations such as 10 to about 16 w/w % limonene, from about 19 w/w %to about 45 w/w % aliphatic hydrocarbons having a flash point between 7°C., to about 24° C., most preferably Varnish Makers and Painters (VM&P)naptha, from about 20 w/w % to about 40% w/w % alcohol, most preferablymethanol, from about 9 w/w % to about 36 w/w % surfactant, mostpreferably glycol ether EB and a preferred fuel comprising about 11.4w/w % limonene, about 40.7 w/w % VM&P naptha, about 15.5 w/w % glycolether EB, about 22 w/w % methanol, and about 10.6 w/w % castor oil.

Terpenoid based fuels have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,722.Disclosed are a very wide range of terpenes, terpenoids and derivativesthereof, including limonenes, menthols, linalools, terpinenes, camphenesand carenes. The fuels are produced by a cracking/reduction process orby irradiation. Limonene was shown to produce 84%1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl) benzene by this process. While the fuel issuperior to that of Whitworth, production costs are relatively high.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,309,430 a spark ignition motor fuel composition isdisclosed consisting essentially of: a hydrocarbon component containingone or more hydrocarbons selected from five to eight carbon atomsstraight-chained or branched alkanes, wherein the hydrocarbon componenthas a minimum anti-knock index of 65 as measured by ASTM D-2699 andD-2700 and a maximum dry vapor pressure equivalent (DVPE) of 15 psi (oneatmosphere (atm.)) as measured by ASTM D-5191; a fuel grade alcohol; anda co-solvent for the hydrocarbon component and the fuel grade alcohol;wherein the hydrocarbon component, the fuel grade alcohol and theco-solvent are present in amounts selected to provide a motor fuel witha minimum anti-knock index of 87 as measured by ASTM D-2699 and D-2700,and a maximum DVPE of 15 psi (1 atm.) as measured by ASTM D-5191, andwherein the fuel composition is essentially free of olefins, aromatics,and sulfur.

More recently, US patent publication number 20080104884 discloses a fuelcomprising mid to low flash point naptha, at least one alcohol having aratio of between about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms to 1 hydroxylfunctional group, at least one lubricating oil, and at least oneoxygenated natural aromatic compound, wherein the oxygenated naturalaromatic compound has a flash point between about 6° C. and about 16°C., has at least one oxygenated functional group, and is soluble in thecomposition.

SUMMARY

Certain disclosed embodiments concern a composition for use as a fuel orfuel additive. For example, particular disclosed embodiments concerncompositions that provide an alternative fuel and a fuel additive thatcompares favourably to existing fuels with regard to horsepower andtorque, for use in spark ignition engines in the absence of hardwaremodifications. By selecting the specific components and mixing them indefined ratios, the resulting composition, when combusted, reducesharmful emissions, whether used alone or as a gas additive. Further, byselecting the specific components, an alternative fuel or fuel additiveis provided that contains up to about 56% biologically derivedcomponents, all of which are readily renewable. Finally, the remainingabout 44% can be produced with a minimum of refining.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. Definitions

The following definitions are provided solely to aid the reader. Thesedefinitions should not be construed to provide a definition that isnarrower in scope than would be apparent to a person of ordinary skillin the art.

A. Alcohol: Alcohols in the present working examples typically are loweralkyl alcohols, such as C1 to C3 alcohols, more specifically methanol,ethanol (95% ethanol), propanol and isopropanol. The ratio of carbonatoms to hydroxyl functional group should preferably be 4-to-1, morepreferably be 3-to-1 and most preferably 2- to 1 or 1-to-1, to promotesolubility in an aqueous environment and to promote miscibility betweenthe polar and non-polar components of the composition. It would befurther known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, that any alcoholor mixture of alcohols providing a ratio of between about 1 carbon toabout 1 hydroxyl functional group and about 4 carbon to about 1 hydroxylfunctional group would be suitable, hence mixtures of longer chainalcohols with shorter chain alcohols, for example, a C4 alcohol and a C1alcohol.B. Petroleum distillate: Petroleum distillate in the present context,for use in gas-powered engines, has a flashpoint of no greater thanabout 3° C., and more preferably between about 1° C. and about −15° C.,still more preferably between about −5° C. and about −10° C. and iscomposed of from about 35% v/v to about 75% v/v paraffins andisoparaffins, and about 20% v/v to about 60% v/v naphthenes, with nogreater than about 5% v/v aromatic hydrocarbons, preferably from about40% v/v to about 67% v/v paraffins and isoparaffins and about 30% v/v toabout 57% v/v napthenes, with no greater than about 3% v/v aromatichydrocarbons, and most preferably from about 45% v/v to about 53% v/vparaffins and isoparaffins and about 45% v/v to about 53% v/v naptheneswith no greater than about 2% v/v aromatic hydrocarbons. Petroleumdistillate can be replaced with commercial gasoline formulations havingoctane ratings from about 87, to about 89 to about 91 to about 94.C. Oxygenate: An oxygenate in the present context is selected from lowcarbon ethers, for example, but not limited to dimethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran, methyl tetrahydrofuran, furan, 2,5 dimethyl furan—ingeneral, a straight chain or cyclic ether. It should be noted that it isrecommended that the tetrahydrofuran be stabilized. The oxygenates havea flash point between about −10° C. and about −50° C.D. Water tolerance adjustor: A water tolerance adjustor in the presentcontext preferably has a Kauri butanol value of at least about 80,preferably at least about 90 and more preferably over 100 and ispreferably not chlorinated nor aromatic. The preferred adjustors areselected from propanol and butanol, preferably t-butanol.E. Terpene: A terpene in the present context is a non-oxygenatedcompound comprising isoprenoid units, for example, but not limited topinene, limonene, turpentine.

II. Description

A fuel composition that uses a high percentage of components derivedfrom renewable resources has been developed, as exemplified in bothworking embodiments and prophetic examples. Unless otherwise noted, thepercentage of each component is on the basis of v/v, regardless ofwhether the component is liquid or solid. Table 1 shows the generalformula.

TABLE 1* Water Petroleum tolerance distillate Alcohol Oxygenate adjustorTerpene % 44-70, 10-25, 10-25 0-15, 0-17, preferably preferablypreferably preferably preferably 45-60, 12-20, 12-20, 5-12, more 5-15,more more more preferably more preferably preferably preferably 10preferably 50 15 15 10 *all values are “about”, for example, about 44 toabout 70, preferably about 50 to about 60, more preferably about 55.Of the components, up to 56% can be obtained from renewable resources.

Example 1

TABLE 2 Formulation M Petroleum 63% distillate Ethanol 16%Tetrahydrofuran 16% Limonene 5%

TABLE 3 Formulation D Petroleum 45% distillate Ethanol 25%Tetrahydrofuran 25% Limonene 5%

A generator was hooked up to two heaters, to provide a load. A four gasanalyzer was used to collect emissions data, a tachometer was used tomeasure RPM, and a heat probe was used to measure exhaust temperature.The emissions probe was uniformly placed in the exhaust pipe for theduration of each run and multiple readings were taken. The heat probewas placed in an aperture in the exhaust pipe to measure the temperatureand multiple readings were taken. Prior to running the testing, it wasdetermined that the drift in CH was 0 to 8 ppm. The CO₂ drift was 0.05%and the oxygen always read 0.13%. It was noted that the equipment wasnot able to zero and consequently, the data obtained were not absolutevalues, but were considered to be relatively values, but accuratenonetheless.

The engine was heated using 87 octane gas, and then a 200 mL sample of87 octane gas was run as the first sample. Three samples of 200 mL werethen run, followed by a gas sample of 200 mL, then three more samples of200 mL per run, again followed by a gas sample of 200 mL. A final gassample of 200 mL was run. As the results were consistent, they wereaveraged before correcting for run time, which was very consistent.

Results

TABLE 4 87 OCTANE GAS GAS Average Corrected (.898) CH ppm 181 201 ppmCO2 % 0.11 12.30% Lambda 0.84 0.84 CO % 0.062 6.9% O2 % 0.13 AFR 11.911.9 Run time 4.48 4.48 RPM 2200 2200 Temperature C. 407 407

TABLE 5 Formulation M M Average Corrected (1.164) CH ppm 225.3 193 ppmCO2 % 0.104 9.02% Lambda 0.826 0.82 CO % 0.059 5.10% O2 % AFR 11.9611.96 Run time 5.82 5.82 RPM 2200 2200 Temperature C. 276.3 276

TABLE 6 Formulation D D Average Corrected (1.234) CH ppm 171.3 138 ppmCO2 % 0.1197 9.70% Lambda 0.89 0.896 CO % 0.034 2.80% O2 % AFR 13.0 13.1Run time 6.17 6.17 RPM 2200 2200 Temperature C. 273 273

In all cases, the engine ran for significantly longer with theformulations than with gas (5.82 and 6.17 minutes compared to 4.49minutes). Note that the air fuel ratio (AFR) and lambda wereapproximately the same for gas and the formulations (the results for theformulations bracket those for gas—one slightly higher and the otherslightly lower), indicating that the engine was not simply running leanon the formulations. Further, the rpm was the same throughout thetesting. It can be inferred, therefore that the formulations willprovide better mileage than 87 octane gas. The tables show the results,which have all been corrected for a five minute run time.

Hydrocarbons were slightly lower for M as compared to gas. Carbondioxide was significantly lower for M, while carbon monoxide wasslightly lower (about 2% lower). The exhaust temperature was verysignificantly lower. Although we were unable to measure NOx, the lowerexhaust temperature can be directly correlated with lower NOx emissions.

Hydrocarbons were significantly lower for D as compared to gas (138 ppmversus 201 ppm). Carbon dioxide was significantly lower for D (9.7%versus 12.3%), as was carbon monoxide (over 4% lower). The exhausttemperature was very significantly lower. Although we were unable tomeasure NOx, the lower exhaust temperature can be directly correlatedwith lower NOx emissions. None of the formulations were able to toleratewater—they separated into two phases.

Example 2

The following formulations were tested using the following protocol:

Test Procedure 1Insert sample probe into exhaust system. 2Tighten the 2,14 mm nuts on the exhaust clamp. 3Attach the yellow sample hose to thesample probe and to the analyzer. 4Attach the magnetic pick up around aspark plug wire with “SPARK PLUG” towards the front of the car. 5Turn on(plug in) gas analyzer. 6Start car. 7Run for a minimum of 30 minutes,using the “Extended Purge” half way through and “Zero” as needed. 8Turnoff car. 9Switch transfer pump off using the electrical switch in thetrunk. 10Close main fuel delivery system return valve. 11Close auxiliaryfuel delivery system return valve. 12Close main fuel delivery systemfeed valve. 13Start car and run until it starts to run out of fuel topurge the lines. 14Empty auxiliary fuel tank. 15Wipe out auxiliary fueltank. 16Fill auxiliary fuel tank with a small, measured amount of fuelto flush the lines. 17Open the auxiliary fuel tank feed valve. 18Startcar and run until fuel comes out of the return line for 30 seconds.19Empty auxiliary fuel tank. 20Wipe out auxiliary fuel tank. 21Fillauxiliary fuel tank with a measured amount of fuel for testing. 22“Zero”the gas analyzer 23Start data logging. 24Start timer. 25Run test. 26Stoptimer. 27Stop data logging. 28Run “Extended Purge” on the gas analyzer.29Measure amount of fuel remaining. 30Close auxiliary fuel deliverysystem feed valve. 31Repeat steps 13 to 30 for all fuel samples. Note:Steps 1 to 8 can be skipped if not measuring emissions Note: Steps 9 to12 can be skipped if the car has been set to run on the auxiliary fueldelivery system.Additional testing involved road testing and ¼ mile drag testing todetermine the torque and horsepower.

TABLE 7 50N Petroleum distillate 50% Ethanol 20% Tetrahydrofuran 20%Tert-butanol 10%

TABLE 8 Carbon Oxides of Hydrocarbons Carbon Dioxide Nitrogen Total RunTotal Amount [ppm] Monoxide [%] [%] Oxygen [%] [ppm] RPM λ Time [s] Used[mL] LPM Gasoline Mean 98 0.71 11.4 2.9 290 2839 1.13 625 925 0.0887 50NMean 48 0.72 10.1 3.1 270 2837 1.17 624 448 0.0431 Gasoline Mean 55 0.7413.5 1.9 279 2786 1.06 458 747 0.0979 50:50 Mean 62 0.87 13 2.1 267 28041.07 461 434 0.0565 10:90 Mean 53 0.74 13.2 1.9 287 2777 1.07 459 4770.0624 E Gas Mean 56 0.84 12.7 2.3 269 2731 1.09 443 563 0.0763 GasolineMean 62 0.94 12.5 2.3 265 2708 1.08 448 603 0.0808

TABLE 9 Gasoline Formulation Average Average RPM RPM Horsepower 75.25496 75.6 5336 Torque 80.9 3691 79.4 4441

TABLE 10 Hydro- Carbon Carbon Oxides of carbons Monoxide Dioxide OxygenNitrogen RPM λ Calculated Formulation Means 0 to 1000 RPM 453 0.61 11.33.3 233 842 1.29 Gasoline Means 0 to 1000 RPM 269 1.65 12.6 2.4 206 8081.06 Formulation Means 1000 to 4000 RPM 316 0.60 11.5 2.4 711 1828 1.18Gasoline Means 1000 to 4000 RPM 207 1.15 12.6 2.7 674 1762 1.16

Example 3

TABLE 9 Formulations tested: E Gas Husky 25E N: 50, E: 25, THF: 15, B:10 30E N: 50, E: 30, THF: 10, B: 10 15E N: 50, E: 15, THF: 25, B: 10 50Nn-butanol N: 50, E: 20, THF: 20, n-B: 10 Formulation 1 N: 51, E: 24,THF: 15, B: 10 Formulation 5 N: 54, E: 20, THF: 16, B: 10 Formulation 2N: 54, E: 20, THF: 15, B: 10, DMF: 1 Formulation 4 N: 50, E: 30, THF:10, B: 10 Formulation 6 N: 50, E: 26, THF: 14, B: 10 Formulation 7 N:50, E: 30, THF: 10, B: 10 Formulation 8 N: 50, E: 38, THF: 2, B: 10Formulation 9 N: 50, E: 20, THF: 17, B: 13Egas is gasoline with 10% ethanol, N ispetroleum distillate, E isethanol, THF is tetrahydrofuran, B is tert-butanol, n-B is n-butanol,and DMF is di-methyl furan.

Example 4

Formulations were predicted to pass or fail as a fuel based on amodeling spreadsheet. A fail based on octane can be rectified by addingany octane enhancer as would be known to one skilled in the art. A failbased on vapour pressure can be rectified by adding components to raiseor lower the vapour pressure. Once adjusted, these formulations willfunction well as fuels.

Examples are as follows:

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 38.16 81.77

Above is 60 N, 20 E, 15 X and 5 L X=Tetrahydrofuran

Fails due to Vapor Pressure being below 41.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 15.59 85.28 B 8.42 81.96

Above is 60 N, 20 E, 15 X and 5 L

X=2,5 Dim ethylfuran

X=2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

Both fail due to Vapor Pressure being below 41.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 141.20 82.25

Above is 60 N, 20 E, 15 X and 5 L

X=furanFails due to Vapor Pressure being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 42.20 86.70 B 145.2487.18

55N, 20 E, 15 X and 10 t-But

X=Tetrahydrofuran

X=Furan

Formulation A passes.Formulation B fails due to being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 45.27 91.01 B 42.88 89.91

50N, 20 E, 20 X and 10 t-but

X=15 tertrahydrofuran and 5 2,5 Dimethylfuran

X=15 tetrahydrofuran and 5 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

Both pass.

A 68.90 87.69 B 87.14 90.00

50N, 20 E, 20 X and 10 t-but

X=15 tetrahydrofuran and 5 diethyl ether

X=15 tetrahydrofuran and 5 furan

Formulation A passes.Formulation B fails due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 55.87 94.16 B 98.66 98.59

45N, 20 E, 25 X and 10 t-but

X=20 tetrahydrofuran and 5 2,5 Dimethylfuran

X=20 tetrahydrofuran and 5 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

Formulation A passes.Formulation B fails due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 79.50 90.83 B 97.74 93.15

45N, 20 E, 25 X and 10 t-but

X=20 tetrahydrofuran and 5 diethyl ether

X=20 tetrahydrofuran and 5 furan

Both fail due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

Vapour pressure Octane A 63.39 92.99

-   -   45N, 20 E, 25 X and 10 t-but    -   X=tetrahydrofuran        -   Passes.    -   Formulation Name    -   Vapor Pressure [kPa]        -   Octane

Vapour Pressure Octane A 52.79 89.84

50N, 20 E, 20 X 10 T-but

X=tetrahydrofuran

Passes.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 45.27 91.01 B 42.88 89.91

50N, 20 E, 20 X and 10 t-but

X=15 tetrahydrofuran 5 2,5 Dimethylfuran

X=15 tetrahydrofuran 5 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

Both Pass.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 68.90 87.69 B 42.09 88.24

50N, 20 E, 20 X and 10 t-but

X=15 tetrahydrofuran 5 diethylether

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+5 pinene

Both Pass.

A 52.79 89.84 Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 87.14 90.00

50N 20 E 20 X and 10 t-but

X═X=15 tetrahydrofuran+5 furan

Fails due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 44.00 99.05 B 96.05 94.61

40N 25 E 25×10 t-But

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+10 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+10 diethylether

Formulation A passes.Formulation B fails due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 42.16 88.16 B 132.5299.24

40N 25 E 25×10 t-But

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+10 dimethyl ether

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+10 furan

Formulation A passes.Formulation B fails due to the vapor pressure being over 72.

A 42.41 95.71

40N 25 E 25×10 t-But

X=15 tetrahydrofuran+10 pinene

Passes.

Formulation Name Vapor Pressure [kPa] Octane A 63.83 98.92

40N 25 E 25×10 t-But

X=tetrahydrofuran

Passes.

The foregoing is a description of an embodiment of the invention. Aswould be known to one skilled in the art, variations are contemplatedthat do not alter the scope of the invention. These include but are notlimited to, different combinations of alcohols, different alcoholisomers, and derivatives and analogues of, different water toleranceadjustors, oxygenates and terpenes. The formulation may comprise fromabout 44% to about 70% v/v petroleum distillate, from about 10% to about25% v/v ethanol, from about 5% to about 15% v/v butanol as the watertolerance adjustor and from about 5% to 25% v/v oxygenate.

1. A composition for use as a fuel or fuel additive, comprising apetroleum distillate, at least one alcohol having an average ratio ofbetween about 1 to about 4 carbon atoms to 1 hydroxyl functional group,optionally, at least one lubricating oil, optionally, at least oneterpene, optionally at least one water tolerance adjustor, and at leastone oxygenate, wherein the oxygenate (i) has a flash point between about−10° C. and about −50° C., (ii) has at least one oxygenated functionalgroup, and (iii) is soluble in the composition.
 2. The composition ofclaim 1 comprising from about 44% to about 70% v/v petroleum distillate,from about 10% to about 25% v/v alcohol, from 0% to about 5% v/vlubricating oil, and from about 0.3% to 15% v/v oxygenate.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 2 wherein the oxygenate is a straight chain orcyclic ether.
 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the at least onealcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol,or combinations of any of methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanolbutanol, isobutanol and tert-butanol.
 5. The composition of claim 4wherein the petroleum distillate comprises at least about 30% v/v toabout 57% v/v napthenes.
 6. The composition of claim 5 furthercomprising a water tolerance adjustor.
 7. The composition of claim 6wherein the water tolerance adjustor is t-butanol.
 8. The composition ofclaim 7 wherein the oxygenate is selected from tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, furan, and 2,5 dimethyl furan.
 9. The composition ofclaim 8 wherein the terpene is selected from limonene, pinene, myrceneand farnesene.
 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the alcohol isethanol.
 11. The composition of claim 1 comprising from about 44% toabout 70% v/v petroleum distillate, from about 10% to about 25% v/vethanol, from about 5% to about 15% v/v butanol and from about 5% to 25%v/v oxygenate.
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the petroleumdistillate comprises at least about 30% v/v to about 57% v/v napthenes.13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the petroleum distillatecomprises about 45% v/v to about 53% v/v paraffins and isoparaffins andabout 45% v/v to about 53% v/v napthenes with no greater than about 2%v/v aromatic hydrocarbons.
 14. The composition of claim 13, furthercomprising gasoline.
 15. A method, comprising: (i) preparing acomposition comprising composition for use as a fuel or fuel additive,comprising: a petroleum distillate having a flash point from about 1° C.and about −15° C. and comprised of paraffins, isoparaffins andnapthenes; at least one alcohol having a ratio of between about 1 toabout 4 carbon atoms to 1 hydroxyl functional group; a water toleranceadjustor, which may be a separate component to the alcohol or may beincluded in the alcohol; optionally, at least one lubricating oil;optionally a terpene; and at least one oxygenate; (ii) blending thecomposition with about 0% to about 90% v/v gas to prepare a fuel; and(iii) operating a motor using the fuel.
 16. The method of claim 15,wherein the at least one oxygenate (i) has a flash point between about−10° C. and about −50° C., (ii) has at least one oxygenated functionalgroup, and (iii) is soluble in the composition.
 17. A method ofdecreasing emissions from a spark ignition, gas fueled motor, saidmethod comprising: (i) preparing a composition comprising a petroleumdistillate, alcohol, an oxygenate, and, optionally, a water toleranceadjustor, optionally a terpene and optionally a lubricating oil; (ii)blending said composition with about 0 to about 90% v/v gas to prepare afuel; (iii) fueling a motor with said fuel; and (iv) running said motor,thereby decreasing said motor emissions.
 18. The method of claim 17wherein said alcohol has a ratio of between about 1 to about 4 carbonsto 1 hydroxyl functional group, and the oxygenate is characterized inthat it: (i) has a flash point between about −10° C. and about −50° C.;(ii) has at least one oxygenated functional group; and (iii) is solublein said composition.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the compositionis further defined as comprising from about 44% to about 70% v/v of thepetroleum distillate, from about 10% to about 25% v/v of the alcohol,from 10% to about 25% v/v oxygenate and optionally, up to about 17% v/vterpene and about 0.2% v/v lubricating oil.
 20. The method of claim 19wherein the composition further comprises a water tolerance adjustor.